The European Parliament adopted a resolution on Tuesday (4 April) calling the Commission to phase-out the use of biofuels based on vegetable oils by 2020, and establish a single certification scheme to guarantee only sustainably produced palm oil enters the EU market.<\/p>\n
Environmentalist NGOs said the resolution was in the right direction, while the ethanol industry grabbed the chance to reiterate its demand for a \u201cbalanced policy solution\u201d that would differentiate biofuels according to their greenhouse and sustainability credentials.<\/p>\n
Humans consume over twice the amount of palm oil today than at the turn of the century. As a result, palm oil plantations are responsible for 20% of the deforestation that has occurred over the last two decades.<\/p>\n
Palm oil\u2019s catastrophic effects<\/p>\n
The consequences are ever more stark and visible for the main producers of the oil, Indonesia and Malaysia. Biodiversity has been destroyed, residents have been displaced from their land and peat swamps, which are essential to locking in carbon dioxide, are shrinking by the day.<\/p>\n
\u201cWhile in Europe and the United States obesity is on the up because of excessive consumption of palm oil, especially in the form of Nutella, suffering increases in Indonesia, Malaysia and Africa, particularly (of) nature,\u201d warned the S&D group\u2019s French MEPs. Working conditions on the plantations are also constantly under fire.<\/p>\n
But despite this, palm oil has so far escaped all attempts to be regulated under the European legal framework. Czech GUE\/NGL rapporteur Kate\u0159ina Kone\u010dn\u00e1 (Komunistick\u00e1 strana \u010cech a Moravy) has called on the EU to change this in her report on palm oil and rainforest deforestation, adopted today by a large majority of her colleagues.<\/p>\n
The report calls for measures to be taken against land conflicts, forced- and child labour, and to review the impact of indirect land use change (ILUC). A sticking point remains the production of biofuels. Currently, the EU burns 46% of palm oil imports as fuel.<\/p>\n
A single certification scheme<\/p>\n
The report calls for a uniform certification scheme for palm oil imports by 2020 that would ensure biofuels do not contain vegetable oil whose production has contributed to deforestation.<\/p>\n
Some palm oil producing countries, like Malaysia, Indonesia and Colombia, have attempted to prevent such measures and called upon members of the Parliament in a letter to vote down the report.<\/p>\n
Indonesia\u2019s largest palm oil producer, Golden Agri-Resources (GAR), has voiced its opposition to such limitations. \u201cThe EU is already driving responsible production through demand for sustainable production,\u201d said GAR chairwoman Anita Neville. \u201cI believe that the EU can achieve much more by championing sustainable development.\u201d<\/p>\n
Friends of the Earth (FoEE), an international association of environmental organisations, welcomed the development. \u201cThe experience of recent years has shown that industry self-regulation and voluntary measures alone cannot stop deforestation and the exploitation of people,\u201d the FoEE said in a statement. Important certification systems have implemented weak standards and have been lightly enforced.<\/p>\n
But not everyone is reaching for the champagne just yet. German GUE\/NGL MEP Cornelia Ernst (Die Linke) was not won over by the report but acknowledged it is a \u201cstep in the right direction\u201d.<\/p>\n
She insisted that the EU\u2019s policy towards biofuels has to change. \u201cThe expert studies commissioned by the EU executive and internal evaluations show that biofuels produced using palm oil, soya and rapeseed oil cause more harmful emissions that fossil fuels such as diesel,\u201d Ernst warned. In order to achieve an EU target of 10% renewable energy in transport fuels by 2020, millions of hectares of monoculture are required.<\/p>\n
How this will be achieved remains unclear. In 2014, 45% of EU palm oil consumption went into biodiesel. A further 34% was used in processed food, 16% for the production of electricity and heating, 3% for chemicals and 2% into animal feed production.<\/p>\n
In South-east Asia, an area the size of Wales is required for the production of EU biodiesel. That is 21,000 square kilometres of land. The European Parliament and the Council should do away with biofuel policy, insisted Ernst. Instead, massive investment should be made in the expansion of public transport.<\/p>\n
German S&D MEP Susanne Melior (SPD) supported the resolution and its stance against deforestation, as well as the contamination of soil and water as a result of monoculture production, thanks to pesticides and fertilisers. \u201cThe rights of local communities are often violated when palm oil plantations are set up and managed,\u201d warned Melior. \u201cThe Commission must develop an action plan that creates socially-correct conditions,\u201d the lawmaker said.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe are calling for a compulsory certification system to be put in place that is modelled after the cocoa sector, with uniform criteria for sustainable production,\u201d she added.<\/p>\n
Differentiating biofuels<\/p>\n
In November, the European Commission presented its draft proposal to review the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) for the post-2020 period as part of a Clean Energy Package (See background).<\/p>\n
The ethanol industry reacted strongly, claiming that the Commission put all biofuels in the same box, despite having a different environmental footprint.<\/p>\n
The European renewable ethanol association (ePURE) stressed that the Parliament\u2019s \u201cstrong\u201d statement on palm oil is a step in the right direction.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe call on the European Parliament to translate its position into binding requirements and limit the contribution of transport fuels from palm oil and its derivatives to the share of renewables in transport in the Renewable Energy Directive II until peatland drainage is halted,\u201d said ePURE\u2019s Secretary General Emmanuel Desplechin.<\/p>\n
He added that Europe needed sustainably produced biofuels to meet its climate and energy targets for transport.<\/p>\n
\u201cEuropean ethanol delivers as much as 64% GHG savings compared to fossil fuel and is produced 99.7% from European crops \u2013 it is not responsible for any of the concerns associated with palm oil cultivation,\u201d he stressed, adding that a balanced policy solution would seek to differentiate biofuels according to their greenhouse and sustainability credentials.<\/p>\n
\u201cPhasing out all crop-based biofuels would unfairly throw under the bus many sustainable low-carbon alternatives to fossil fuels, including European ethanol,\u201d Desplechin concluded.<\/p>\n
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