What are airlines and jet manufacturers doing to foster aviation biofuels? Quite a bit \u2014 in some cases,\u00a0 just about all they can given the rough shape of most airline balance sheets in recent years.<\/p>\n
The activity includes participation in a number of research consortia and industry goal-setting (such as IATA\u2019s 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050) \u2014 but dozens of airlines have taken individual steps beyond these.<\/p>\n
There\u2019s good reason to do so. IATA\u2019s 2050 goals might seem comfortably far-off, jet manufacturers typically take 10 years to develop a new jet (or longer \u2014 take for example the Boeing Dreamliner, now just arriving in the marletpace after being first unveiled in 2003). And airlines want 20-25 year lifespans for their aircraft.<\/p>\n
Putting those two together, it\u2019s fair to say that designs for aircraft that will be in everyday, major airline operation in 2050 air already in development, and any advanced jet technology not in development by 2025 will not have a major impact on 2050 emissions targets.<\/p>\n
With no major design breakthroughs being brought to market\u2014 but rather incremental improvements that might yield 20% greater carbon efficiencies \u2014 airlines aren\u2019t going to be able to grow in revenue passenger miles without a substantive deployment of aviation biofuels, and meet their self-imposed emissions cap.<\/p>\n
Hence, all the activity. (But, readers note, lots of activity goes on behind the scenes and the lack of \u201cnews flow\u201d doesn\u2019t always mean nothing is going on).
\nWho\u2019s doing what?<\/p>\n
Generally speaking, here are the three categories<\/p>\n
1. International carriers. Generally, the activity is here. The investor class \u2014 British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Qatar Airways, SAS and United Airlines, are all in this group. Not only do they have more revenue passenger miles, they have more risk from carbon regimes which threaten to regulate them under carbon scheme at takeoff, another in fly-over, and a third one on landing. 11 in total have announced customer agreements to date.<\/p>\n
2. Domestic full-service carriers. Generally, these make up the customers, along with the international carriers. The exception here are Fedex and Southwest, which have announced a signature offtake deal with Red Rock Biofuels despite Fedex not carrying carbon-conscious passengers and Southwest being focused on cost, cost, cost.<\/p>\n
With the occasional exception, the airlines that have progressed to testing or customer agreements have been at least domestic full-service carriers.<\/p>\n
3. Low-cost carriers. With Southwest as a striking exception, these have avoided doing much on biofuels so far \u2014 with attitudes ranging from \u201cfast follower\u201d to \u201cwait and see\u201d or even, in some cases, outright skepticism and hostility. Recently Ryanair CEO Michael O\u2019Leary derired aviation biofuels as \u201ca PR stunt,\u201d and described the production of jet fuel from food crops as \u201cnuts\u201d \u2014 apparently, not being clued in by his management team that no one is making jet fuel from food crops, anyway. He described biofuels flights as \u201c\u201dappeal to some middle-aged, middle-classed person worrying about the future,\u201d and said that .\u201dnobody is flying around the world on aircraft powered by biofuel.\u201d<\/p>\n
There are four levels of intensity when it comes to aviation biofuels activity:<\/p>\n
Major player \u2013 Investor. In some cases, airlines have taken the fourth step to vertically integrate into the supply chain, by making direct investment into fuel-production technologies. Investments have been both in projects and in technology providers, and typically airlines have stated that they are aiming to accelerate the timelines for aviation biofuels given the limited interest in investment outside of government and customer groups such as airlines and aviation manufacturers. British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Qatar Airways, SAS and United Airlines have taken this step.<\/p>\n
Pioneer \u2013 Customer. The third step is becoming a regular customer for aviation biofuels \u2014 either via regularly scheduled commercial flights, or through long-term offtake agreements. Regularly scheduled commercial flights generally focus on blends of 2-50 percent and are limited either to specific routes or project timelines, owing to the cost and availability of aviation biofuels at this early stage of development and deployment. Aeromexico, Alaska Airlines, British Airways, British Midland, Cathay Pacific, FedEx, Finnair, Gol, KLM, Lufthansa, Qatar Airways, SAS, Southwest Airlines, and United Airlines have progressed to this step, or beyond.<\/p>\n
Committed \u2014 Test Partner. Typically, interest advances towards test flights, usually in cooperation with aircraft manufacturers such as Boeing, Airbus, Embraer or Bombadier. These can include flights with or without passengers \u2014 the defining factor is that they are limited in scope to demonstration of technology rather than regular commercial operation. 30 airlines have proceeded to this step, or beyond.<\/p>\n
Low-level \u2014 Stakeholder. Activities generally begin with expressions of interest \u2014 often joining a group such as the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group, or forming R&D partnerships. Sometimes, they take the form of \u201cbeing seen to do something\u201d, but often involve extensive R&D efforts including feedstock development, and project feasibility work. There are 45 airlines or airline groups around the world who have taken this step (or gone on to more intensive engagement), to date, as tracked by The Digest.<\/p>\n
Investors: The Major Players<\/p>\n
British Airways
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In December 2012, British Airways announced a commitment to buy $500M in aviation biofuel produced at the GreenSky London facility for the next ten years and consent is now being sought to begin construction of the facility at a site in East London. GreenSky London is a joint development between British Airways and Solena and once built will be Europe\u2019s first commercial scale low carbon jet fuel production facility.<\/p>\n
The first-of-its-kind facility will annually convert around 500,000 tonnes of locally-sourced waste, that would otherwise go to landfill, into 50,000 tonnes of sustainable aviation biofuel and 50,000 tonnes of bionaphtha and biodiesel. The facility will also have a renewable power generating capacity of 40 MW.<\/p>\n
Keith Williams, Chief Executive of British Airways, said: \u201cWe are delighted that the GreenSky London project is getting ever closer to fruition. With world-class technology partners now in place, we are well on our way to making sustainable aviation fuel a reality for British Airways by 2015.\u201d<\/p>\n
British Airways has now committed to purchasing, at market competitive prices, the jet fuel produced by the plant for the next ten years which equates to $500 million at today\u2019s prices. Furthermore, the partners have signed an exclusive option on a site for the facility and consent work for the site has now begun.<\/p>\n
In September 2012, British Airways environmental chief Jonathon Counsell said that the company would shortly embark, by year end, to begin construction of its first waste-to-biofuels plant. The company signed a collaboration with Solena three years ago. \u201cIt\u2019s been proven the will is there, the technology is now a commercial issue,\u201d Counsell was quoted as saying. \u201cThe route we\u2019re going down will be cost competitive with fossil fuel by 2015. And once we\u2019ve proven the technology, we can look at building more plants across the UK.\u201d<\/p>\n
Cathay Pacific
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In August 2014, Cathay Pacific Airways announced a strategic investment in Fulcrum BioEnergy, and negotiated a long-term supply agreement with Fulcrum for an initial 375 million US gallons of sustainable aviation fuel over 10 years (representing on an annual basis approximately 2% of the airline\u2019s current fuel consumption) that meets all the airline\u2019s technical requirements and specifications. Fulcrum plans to commence construction of its first commercial plant later this year and to build large scale, waste-to-renewable jet fuel plants at multiple locations, including locations strategic to the Cathay Pacific network, primarily in North America. Cathay Pacific Airways is a Hong Kong-based airline serving more than 180 destinations in Asia, North America, Australia, Europe and Africa. Dragonair is a wholly owned subsidiary of Cathay Pacific, and the airline also has a 60% stake in AHK Air Hong Kong Ltd, an all-cargo carrier operating regional express freight services.<\/p>\n
Qatar Airways
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2013.<\/p>\n
in 2013, Qatar Airways invested in the California firm Byogy Renewables, reports Bloomberg.\u00a0 Chris Schroeder, a senior manager with QA is quoted as saying, \u201cWe\u2019re looking to underwrite an investment into Byogy of up to 10 percent, coupled with an off-take agreement\u2026 This will enable the company to go into the market and look for further equity investment or other partners.\u201d\u00a0 Financial details were not given.<\/p>\n
Byogy makes bio-jet fuel from alcohol and it is expecting ASTM approval in late 2013.\u00a0 Schroeder noted that QA is hoping to have a \u201ccouple of flights to Europe by the end of 2014\u201d, with ethanol sourced jet fuel.<\/p>\n
United Airlines
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2015.<\/p>\n
In June 2015, AltAir Fuels said it would begin regularly scheduled deliveries of sustainable biojet fuel to United Airlines LAX operations this year, the airline announced today.<\/p>\n
AltAir\u2019s Paramount, California-based refinery converts sustainable feedstocks, like non-edible natural oils and agricultural wastes, into low-carbon, renewable jet fuel. This fuel is price-competitive with traditional, petroleum-based jet fuel, but achieves a 50 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions on a life cycle basis when compared to traditional jet fuel. United will purchase up to 15 million gallons of sustainable aviation biofuel from AltAir over a three-year period, with the option to purchase more.<\/p>\n
In June 2015, United Airlines announced a $30 million direct investment in advanced biofuels developer Fulcrum BioEnergy, obtained an option to invest in five future commercial-scale aviation biofuels plants, and signed offtake agreements for up 90 million gallons of biofuels per year.<\/p>\n
The offtake contracts are worth an estimated $1.58 billion over the 10-year offtake span, based on the current jet fuel price of $1.76 per gallon, according to Digest calculations.<\/p>\n
The shift in United\u2019s fuel purchasing represents 3% of its annual fuel consumption, reported by the airline at 3.2 billion gallons in 2013, and comes after Cathay Pacific invested in Fulcrum BioEnergy in 2014 and signed offtake agreements from the company\u2019s first commercial facility, now under development near Reno, Nevada. The five new plants are expected to range in size between 30 and 60 million gallons.<\/p>\n
Among the manufacturers: Boeing<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2015.<\/p>\n
In September 2015, Boeing welcomed China President Xi Jinping to its widebody commercial airplane factory and announced several agreements that will broaden and deepen mutually beneficial cooperation between Boeing and China. Under the framework of the MOU between Boeing and the National Development Reform Commission, Boeing and NDRC announced a new initiative to turn agricultural waste in China into sustainable aviation biofuel. Boeing will partner with NDRC to turn items from farms, such as corn cobs and wheat stalks, into sustainable jet fuel as a way to reduce aviation\u2019s carbon emissions.<\/p>\n
In July 2015, In Japan, Boeing and Japanese aviation industry stakeholders have charted a course to develop sustainable aviation biofuel for flights during the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Tokyo, when millions of people are expected to visit Japan.<\/p>\n
The Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels (INAF) \u2013 a consortium of 46 organizations including Boeing, ANA (All Nippon Airways), Japan Airlines, Nippon Cargo Airlines, Japan\u2019s government and the University of Tokyo \u2013 laid out a five-year \u201croadmap\u201d to develop biofuel by 2020 as a way to reduce aviation\u2019s environmental footprint.<\/p>\n
In January 2015, In Brazil, Boeing and Embraer have opened a joint sustainable aviation biofuel research center in a collaborative effort to further establish the aviation biofuel industry in Brazil.<\/p>\n
At the Boeing-Embraer Joint Research Center in the S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos Technology Park, the companies will coordinate and co-fund research with Brazilian universities and other institutions. The research will focus on technologies that address gaps in creating a sustainable aviation biofuel industry in Brazil, such as feedstock production, techno-economic analysis, economic viability studies and processing technologies.<\/p>\n
In December 2014, Boeing completed the world\u2019s first flight using \u201cgreen diesel,\u201d a sustainable biofuel that is widely available and used in ground transportation. The company powered its ecoDemonstrator 787 flight test airplane Tuesday with a blend of 15 percent green diesel and 85 percent petroleum jet fuel in the left engine.<\/p>\n
\u201cGreen diesel offers a tremendous opportunity to make sustainable aviation biofuel more available and more affordable for our customers,\u201d said Julie Felgar, managing director of Environmental Strategy and Integration, Boeing Commercial Airplanes. \u201cWe will provide data from several ecoDemonstrator flights to support efforts to approve this fuel for commercial aviation and help meet our industry<\/p>\n
In October 2014, Boeing and Commercial Aircraft Corp. of China opened a demonstration facility that will turn waste cooking oil, commonly referred to as \u201cgutter oil\u201d in China, into sustainable aviation biofuel. The two companies estimate that 500 million gallons (1.8 billion liters) of biofuel could be made annually in China from used cooking oil.<\/p>\n
\u201cStrong and continuing teamwork between Boeing and COMAC is helping our industry make progress on environmental challenges that no single company or country can solve alone,\u201d said Ian Thomas, President, Boeing China. \u201cBy working together for mutual benefit, we\u2019re finding innovative ways to support China\u2019s aviation industry and build a sustainable future.\u201d<\/p>\n
In August 2014, Boeing, South African Airlines and SkyNRG announced they are collaborating to make sustainable aviation biofuel from a new type of tobacco plant. This initiative broadens cooperation between Boeing and SAA to develop renewable jet fuel in ways that support South Africa\u2019s goals for public health as well as economic and rural development.<\/p>\n
Customers: The Pioneers<\/p>\n
British Midland<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In June 2014, biofuels-powered flights have begun from Sweden, operated by BMI between Karlstad and Frankfurt and by Nextjet between Karlstad and Stockholm. Meanwhile, Karlstad Airport became the first airport in Europe to install a fixed storage tank facility for aviation biofuel. The facility officially opened on Thursday 26 June and the first regular commercial flight in Sweden to be made using aviation biofuel will fly from Karlstad on the same day. From the start of 2015 all aircraft departing from Karlstad Airport can be filled with the eco-friendly fuel.<\/p>\n
\u201cBMI are very proud to be part of the first scheduled flight from Sweden flown on biofuel. Together with our partners at Karlstad Airport and Statoil, we intend to fly even more frequently on sustainable jet fuel. Indeed, we hope that this Karlstad biofuel programme will act as the blue print for new sustainable jet fuel routes across Europe\u2019 said Ian Woodley, Board Director, British Midland Regional.<\/p>\n
Alaska Airlines<\/p>\n
Last major reported activity: 2015.<\/p>\n
In June 2015, Alaska Airlines said it was teaming up with the Washington State University-led Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance (NARA) to advance the production and use of alternative jet fuel made from forest residuals, the tree limbs and branches that remain after a forest harvest. Gevo will provide isobutanol that made from wood waste, which will then be converted to jet fuel.<\/p>\n
As the airline partner for NARA, Alaska Airlines intends next year to fly a demonstration flight using 1,000 gallons of alternative biofuel being produced by the NARA team and its many partners. The planned flight signals a growing interest in the aviation industry for a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuel.<\/p>\n
NARA\u2019s focus is on developing alternative jet fuel derived from post-harvest forest residuals. Residual treetops and branches are often burned after timber harvest. By using these waste materials as the feedstock of a biojet fuel supply chain, NARA and its aviation industry partners, seek to reduce fossil fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions as well as bolster sustainable economic-development potential in timber-based rural communities located throughout the Pacific Northwest.<\/p>\n
In July 2013, Alaska Airlines and Hawai`i BioEnergy announced an agreement for the carrier to purchase sustainable biofuel for its aircraft. Founded in 2006, Hawai`i BioEnergy is a consortium of three of Hawaii\u2019s largest landowners and three venture capital companies who plan to use locally grown feedstocks to produce biofuels. Hawai`i BioEnergy said it would amp up production of the sustainable fuels within five years of regulatory approval, allowing Alaska Airlines to begin procuring sustainable jet fuel for its Hawaii flights possibly as soon as fall 2018.<\/p>\n
In November 2012, Alaska Airlines said its decision to use 20% biofuel during its 75-flight biofuel commercialization program was limited to 20% because of lack of supply. With the fuel produced in Louisiana from used cooking oil, refined in Texas and sourced by a broker the Netherlands, the supply chain was very difficult. Beyond that, it cost $17 per gallon compared to $3.14 per gallon for A1 jet fuel.<\/p>\n
Fedex<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2015.<\/p>\n
In July 2015, Red Rock Biofuels said it will produce approximately three million gallons of low-carbon, renewable jet fuel per year from 2017 through 2024 for FedEx Express, a subsidiary of FedEx Corp, in an agreement announced by the companies today. FedEx joins Southwest Airlines in purchasing Red Rock\u2019s total available volume of jet fuel from its first commercial plant, which is scheduled to break ground this fall in Lakeview, Ore. and will convert approximately 140,000 dry tons of woody biomass into 15 million gallons per year of renewable jet, diesel and naphtha fuels. The plant is expected to produce 40% jet fuel, 40% diesel, and 20% naphtha, or 6 million gallons, 6 million and 3 million respectively. The Southwest Airlines offtake agreement was signed last September.<\/p>\n
Gol
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In July 2014, Amyris partnered with Brazilian airline GOL to begin the first commercial route with farnesane, the recently approved renewable jet fuel. GOL has committed to fly its Boeing 737 fleet with up to a 10 percent blend of the renewable fuel on its U.S. to Brazil routes starting with initial flights later this month. Supported by Boeing (NYSE:BA), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and other partners, Amyris is working to bring this new, renewable jet fuel to commercial airlines starting with Brazil\u2019s GOL Airlines.<\/p>\n
In June 2014, Gol Airlines said it would power 200 flights on a 4% biofuel blend during the World Cup. Though it wasn\u2019t clear who would supply the fuel, the company did a trial flight between Sao Paolo and Brasilia last year using Amyris jet fuel.<\/p>\n
KLM
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In November 2014, SAS along with the Lufthansa Group and KLM, signed an agreement with Statoil Aviation for a regular supply of bio-fuel at Oslo Airport. SAS was first off the ground in Norway and from Stockholm Arlanda in Sweden with a bio-fuel mix around a week ago and this agreement shows the airline takes its corporate social responsibility seriously in reducing its green house gas emissions.<\/p>\n
Via an agreement signed with Avinor and the above named airlines, Statoil Aviation is to supply 2.5 million liters of bio-fuel to the refueling facility at Oslo Airport. With a 50% bio-fuel mix, this will fuel around 3,000 flights between Oslo and Bergen and make OSL the first major airport in the world to offer a regular supply of bio-fuel as part of daily operations from March 2015.<\/p>\n
In May 2014, KLM reported that it will launch a series of biofuel flights to Aruba and Bonaire over a six- month period, operating an Airbus 330-200<\/p>\n
In March 2013, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines flew the first in a series of biofuel-powered flights between Amsterdam and New York. The flight of the 777-200 was supplied with biofuel by SkyNRG. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines has partnered with Schiphol Group, Delta Air Lines, and the Port Authority of New York to complete the plans for the 25-week pilot program.<\/p>\n
In June 2011, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines became the first airline in the world to operate a commercial flight carrying 171 passengers on aviation biofuels. Flight KL1233 \u2013 a Boeing 737-800 \u2013 took off this afternoon at 12:30 hours from Schiphol bound for Charles de Gaulle in Paris carrying 171 passengers.<\/p>\n
KLM\u2019s first commercial flight to Paris was operated on biokerosene produced from used cooking oil. This same raw material will be used in the flights scheduled for September. The fuel was supplied by Dynamic Fuels via SkyNRG, the consortium co-founded by KLM in 2009 with the North Sea Group and Spring Associates.<\/p>\n
Lufthansa
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In November 2014, SAS along with the Lufthansa Group and KLM, signed an agreement with Statoil Aviation for a regular supply of bio-fuel at Oslo Airport. SAS was first off the ground in Norway and from Stockholm Arlanda in Sweden with a bio-fuel mix around a week ago and this agreement shows the airline takes its corporate social responsibility seriously in reducing its green house gas emissions.<\/p>\n
Via an agreement signed with Avinor and the above named airlines, Statoil Aviation is to supply 2.5 million liters of bio-fuel to the refueling facility at Oslo Airport. With a 50% bio-fuel mix, this will fuel around 3,000 flights between Oslo and Bergen and make OSL the first major airport in the world to offer a regular supply of bio-fuel as part of daily operations from March 2015.<\/p>\n
In September 2012, Algae.Tec and Lufthansa have signed a Collaboration Agreement for the construction of a large-scale algae to aviation biofuels production facility. The site will be in Europe adjacent to an industrial CO2 source. Lufthansa will arrange 100% funding for the project. Algae.Tec will receive licence fees and profits from the Project, which will be managed by Algae.Tec.<\/p>\n
In July 2012, Lufthansa said that A1 jet fuel would remain the main aviation fuel for the next 20 years but does expect renewable jet fuel to replace up to 5% of the market in the next five to seven years. With the European economic climate no longer interesting for investors, the airline believes that agricultural investments\u2014for feedstock for aviation biofuel, for example\u2014is an area not yet fully exploited.<\/p>\n
In January 2012, Lufthansa announced that its flight trial from Frankfurt to Washington on Jan. 12, 2012 will be its last using renewable jetfuel because it hasn\u2019t been able to secure long-term sources of the biofuel. With this flight alone, Lufthansa expects to reduce CO2 emissions by 38 tonnes, equivalent to the CO2 emissions of six scheduled flights between Frankfurt and Berlin.\u00a0 In all, 1,187 biofuel flights were operated between Hamburg and Frankfurt. According to initial calculations, CO2 emissions were reduced by 1,471 tonnes. Total consumption of the biokerosene mix amounted to 1,556 tonnes.<\/p>\n
SAS
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In November 2014, SAS along with the Lufthansa Group and KLM, signed an agreement with Statoil Aviation for a regular supply of bio-fuel at Oslo Airport. SAS was first off the ground in Norway and from Stockholm Arlanda in Sweden with a bio-fuel mix around a week ago and this agreement shows the airline takes its corporate social responsibility seriously in reducing its green house gas emissions.<\/p>\n
Via an agreement signed with Avinor and the above named airlines, Statoil Aviation is to supply 2.5 million liters of bio-fuel to the refueling facility at Oslo Airport. With a 50% bio-fuel mix, this will fuel around 3,000 flights between Oslo and Bergen and make OSL the first major airport in the world to offer a regular supply of bio-fuel as part of daily operations from March 2015.<\/p>\n
In October 2011, Solena and SAS announced a partnership to develop a waste-to-jet fuel project at Arlanda Airport in Stockholm, with a goal of establishing similar projects in Denmark and Norway.<\/p>\n
The Arlanda project will gasify waste biomass, including municipal solid waste, and process the resulting syngas it into bio-based synthetic paraffinic kerosene, or renewable jet fuel. Solena, which had previously announced a 14 million gallon biofuels project with British Airways, in which BA would take an equity stake, and said that the SAS project would have similar characteristics. Solena and Qantas also recently announced a development effort.<\/p>\n
South African Airways
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In August 2014, Boeing, South African Airlines and SkyNRG announced they are collaborating to make sustainable aviation biofuel from a new type of tobacco plant. This initiative broadens cooperation between Boeing and SAA to develop renewable jet fuel in ways that support South Africa\u2019s goals for public health as well as economic and rural development.<\/p>\n
In July 2012, South African Airways says that it wants to achieve 50% use of aviation biofuels by 2020. The expectation is that the policy shift for the state-owned company will create sufficient demand to spark local production. The country\u2019s energy department has been slow in approving a biofuel policy for road transport.<\/p>\n
Southwest Airlines<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2015.<\/p>\n
In July 2015, Red Rock Biofuels said it will produce approximately three million gallons of low-carbon, renewable jet fuel per year from 2017 through 2024 for FedEx Express, a subsidiary of FedEx Corp, in an agreement announced by the companies today. FedEx joins Southwest Airlines in purchasing Red Rock\u2019s total available volume of jet fuel from its first commercial plant, which is scheduled to break ground this fall in Lakeview, Ore. and will convert approximately 140,000 dry tons of woody biomass into 15 million gallons per year of renewable jet, diesel and naphtha fuels. The plant is expected to produce 40% jet fuel, 40% diesel, and 20% naphtha, or 6 million gallons, 6 million and 3 million respectively. The Southwest Airlines offtake agreement was signed last September.<\/p>\n
Test Partners<\/p>\n
Aeromexico
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2011.<\/p>\n
In November 2011, Honeywell Green Jet Fuel, produced using process technology from Honeywell\u2019s UOP, powered Aerom\u00e9xico\u2019s Mexico City to San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica route, marking one of the first uses of renewable fuels in everyday airplane passenger service.<\/p>\n
Aerom\u00e9xico has begun use of Green Jet Fuel made by Honeywell\u2019s UOP on its regular Mexico City to Costa Rica route as part of its \u201cGreen Flights\u201d project designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n
The Aerom\u00e9xico-operated Boeing 737-700, which carries up to 124 passengers, used a 15 percent blend of Green Jet Fuel made from the inedible plant camelina and petroleum-based fuel.\u00a0 According to ASA, the Mexican aviation sector expects biofuels to account for 1 percent of the fuel used in Mexico by 2015 and 15 percent by 2020.<\/p>\n
Air Canada<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2013.<\/p>\n
In May 2013, BioFuelNet signed an agreement with Air Canada and Airbus to help them find the most promising biofuels for aviation. Air Canada and Airbus are part of a broad coalition, which has pledged Carbon Neutral Growth from 2020 and to reduce greenhouse emissions by 50 per cent by 2050.<\/p>\n
BioFuelNet Canada, a not-for-profit organization hosted by Montreal\u2019s McGill University, will assess the viability of various Canadian advanced biofuels solutions for aviation. Their research will focus on diverse raw materials, such as municipal solid waste and agricultural and forestry waste, as well as a range of conversion processes available for biofuel production. The ultimate goal is to determine which advanced biofuels are the most sustainable for aviation. The agreement was signed at BioFuelNet\u2019s headquarters in the Quartier de l\u2019innovation (QI) in Montreal, on the 13th of May 2013, the day of the official QI launch.<\/p>\n
In December 2012, Popular Science magazine named the 100 percent biofuels-fueled test flight this year as one of its 25 \u201cBig Science Stories Of 2012\u201d. The flight involved a partnership including Applied Research Associates, Chevron Lummus Global, the National Research Council of Canada, the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), and Agrisoma Biosciences. The ReadiJeft fuel flight took place in Ottawa, Canada using carinata developed by Agrisoma and processing technology developed by CLG and ARA.<\/p>\n
Air China
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2011.<\/p>\n
In November 2011, an Air China Boeing 747-700 was flown on a blend of conventional and renewable jet fuel. This was done under the 2009 U.S. \u2013 China energy cooperation program and the May 2010 agreement involving Air China, Boeing, Honeywell UOP, and PetroChina.\u00a0 As per the agreement, PetroChina provided biomass, which was used by UOP to produce the biofuel.<\/p>\n
Air France
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2011.<\/p>\n
In October 2011,\u00a0 Air France completed its first biofuel-powered scheduled passenger flight, running on a 50\/50 combination of traditional jet fuel and jet fuel produced from used cooking oil. Together with \u201coptimised\u201d air traffic management (ATM), the flight saved roughly 50% of its CO2 emissions, bringing the per passenger emissions rate down to 54g per kilometer.<\/p>\n
Air New Zealand
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2011.<\/p>\n
In December 2011, Air New Zealand signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Licella Pty Ltd to examine the development and commercialisation of a process to convert woody biomass into sustainable biofuel in New Zealand. Under the MOU Air New Zealand and Licella agreed to jointly explore the potential of the technology to produce sustainable aviation biofuel in New Zealand.<\/p>\n
Air New Zealand conducted a biofuels test flight on 12\/30\/08.<\/p>\n
American Airlines<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2011.<\/p>\n
In November 2011, despite filing for Chapter 11 on Nov. 30 2011, American Airlines said it would begin biofuel flights in mid-2012 using a Boeing ecoDemonstrator airplane to complete the flight. Around the same time as the Chapter 11 filing, the company signed agreements with two biojet suppliers as well as a purchase agreement.<\/p>\n
AviancaTaca
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2013.<\/p>\n
In October 2013, Avianca Brasil has selected the Byogy Renewables Alcohol to Jet = fully renewable aviation biofuel process to source their environment friendly alternate low-carbon aviation fuels. Avianca has selected its Airbus A319, powered by CFMI (a partnership between General Electric and SNECMA of France) CFM56 engines, as the fleet member to be used with Byogy for advanced testing and data acquisition which will support the ATJ specification adoption process which is well under way with the global ASTM governing organization.<\/p>\n
Azul<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2012.<\/p>\n
In June 2012, Azul Airlines announced that Amyris\u2019s innovative renewable jet fuel sourced from Brazilian sugarcane had passed all required testing and will be used during a demonstration flight on an Azul Embraer 195 aircraft powered by GE\u2019s CF34-10E engines. The \u201cAzul+Verde\u201d (a Greener Blue) flight will take place in Brazil on Tuesday, June 19th, during the Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. Amyris\u2019s renewable jet fuel has been designed to be compliant with Jet A\/A-1 fuel specifications and provide equivalent performance versus conventional petroleum-derived fuel in a range of metrics, including fit-for-purpose properties and greenhouse gas emission reduction potential. The feedstock for the renewable jet fuel is sugarcane, a highly desirable biomass that can be produced sustainably in large-scale quantities in Brazil and other tropical countries. Azul is the third largest airline in Brazil, a low-cost carrier connecting 48 destinations, 47 cities, with over 400 daily flights, and a fleet of 54 aircraft including 42 jets (32 Embraer 195 and 10 Embraer 190s) and 12 turboprops (7 ATR 72-600 and 5 ATR 72-200). To date, Azul has served more than 19 million customers.<\/p>\n
China Eastern<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2013.<\/p>\n
In April 2013, an 85-minute Chinese Eastern Airlines flight landing at Shanghai airport on Wednesday was flown on Sinopec\u2019s mix of used cooking oil and palm oil aviation biofuel. The Airbus A320 was said to have flown no differently than when flying on traditional aviation fuel. The biofuel blending level was not reported.<\/p>\n
Etihad
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In January 2014, Boeing, Etihad Airways, Takreer, Total, and the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology have announced a collaboration for sustainable aviation biofuels in the UAE.<\/p>\n
The collaboration, BIOjet Abu Dhabi: Flight Path to Sustainability, will develop a comprehensive framework for a UAE biofuel supply chain, which is already in motion. Etihad Airways recently completed a 45-minute demonstration flight in a Boeing 777 powered partially by biofuel converted from plants by Total, and refined into jet fuel by Takreer, together representing UAE-produced sustainable aviation biofuel.<\/p>\n
The BIOjet Abu Dhabi initiative will focus on research and development and investments in feedstocks production and refining capability in the UAE and globally. Boeing and Etihad Airways have previously collaborated as the founding partners of the Sustainable Bioenergy Research Consortium, which has been researching and developing salt-tolerant plants.<\/p>\n
Finnair<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In September 2014,\u00a0 Finnair flew a A330 from Helsinki to New York on Tuesday partially on used cooking fuel-based jet fuel to highlight the opening of the UN Climate Summit. The fuel was supplied by SkyNRG Nordic, a JV between SkyNRG and Statoil Aviation. The airline says it is hoping to set up a biofuel fueling hub along with partners to help reduce the cost of aviation biofuels and strengthen the supply chain.<\/p>\n
Iberia
\nSAFUG member as part of IATG<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2011.<\/p>\n
Iberia conducted a test flight on 10\/3\/11.<\/p>\n
Hainan<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2015.<\/p>\n
In March 2015, Boeing, Hainan Airlines and Sinopec celebrated China\u2019s first passenger flight with sustainable aviation biofuel, a key environmental milestone for China\u2019s commercial aviation industry. The regularly scheduled Hainan Airlines flight \u2013 which carried more than 100 passengers from Shanghai to Beijing in a Next-Generation 737-800 \u2013 used biofuel made by Sinopec from waste cooking oil collected from restaurants in China. Both of the airplane\u2019s CFM International CFM56-7B engines were powered by a fuel blend of approximately 50 percent aviation biofuel mixed with conventional petroleum jet fuel.<\/p>\n
LAN<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2013.<\/p>\n
In August 2013, LAN completed Colombia\u2019s first second-generation biofuel flight, operating an A320 between Bogota and Cali using camelina fuel. The airline said it chose the recent Bogota-Cali route \u201cbecause Cali is a strategic city for consolidating LAN\u2019s operations in the country. At the same time, the Cauca Valley led the way in Colombia\u2019s biofuel production, making it a symbolic department to start this type of project in the country.\u201d The airline flew its first biofuel flight between Santiago and Concepcion over a year ago.<\/p>\n
In March 2012, Netherlands-based SkyNRG supplied LAN Chile and Air BP Copec for its first commercial flight with second generation jet fuel. The flight, which operated between the Chilean cities of Santiago and Concepcion, was conducted on an Airbus from the A320 family with CFM56-5B motors.\u00a0 The fuel came from used cooking oil.<\/p>\n
The flight ended with an event held in the city of Concepcion, which was attended by Government and local authorities, and also by LAN and Air BP Copec executives.<\/p>\n
Executive Vice President of LAN, Enrique Cueto said: \u201cThis flight represents a key step towards the future of the industry. At LAN we aim to develop sustainable biofuels for commercial aircraft with a high production potential in South America. Currently, these renewable energy sources play a significant role in global aviation and will affect, increasingly, decision-making in the industry and our company. We want to be pioneers in the use of renewable fuels in South America. \u201d<\/p>\n
Porter Airlines<\/p>\n
In April 2012, Porter Airlines conducted the first biofuel-powered revenue flight in Canada. In the successful conclusion to a test program that was launched in 2010, the airline flew one of its Bombardier Q400 turboprops from its base at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport to Ottawa using a 50\/50 blend of biofuel and Jet A1 fuel in one of its engines.<\/p>\n
This is the final step in a two-year project whose key members besides Porter included Targeted Growth, Bombardier Aerospace, and Pratt and Whitney Canada, the manufacturer of the PW150A engines that power the Q400 aircraft.<\/p>\n
Qantas
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2012.<\/p>\n
In April 2012, Qantas launched Australia\u2019s first commercial biofuels flight from Sydney to Adelaide using a 50\/50 blend of cooking-oil derived jet fuel.<\/p>\n
Qantas is operating under the AUS$500,000 Emerging Renewables Program grant, which enables Qantas to partner with Shell Australia for a feasibility study of long-term aviation biofuels. Other airlines in the country such as Virgin Australia are also working on aviation biofuels programs.<\/p>\n
In February 2011, Solazyme announced that it has begun a collaboration with Qantas, to pursue the potential for commercial production of Solazyme\u2019s microbial derived aviation fuel, Solajet, in Australia. This represents the first collaboration in the Asia-Pacific region to explore the use of Solajet in commercial aviation.\u00a0 There is currently a six billion liter a year demand for aviation fuel in Australia. Qantas is also working with another US company, Solena, to determine the feasibility of using MSW for production of biojet fuel.<\/p>\n
In January 2011, Solena inked a $309 million partnership with British Airways to construct a 16 million gallon aviation biofuels demonstration plant in East London. The London project would utilize up to 500,000 tonnes of waste as feedstock for the project.<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2010.<\/p>\n
In December 2010, Airbus, TAM Airlines, and a group of specialist companies are working to establish a bio-kerosene jet-fuel processing plant in Brazil following a November 22nd TAM Airbus A320 biofuel flight, a first for Latin America.\u00a0 The group of companies is led by Curcas which specializes in Brazilian renewable energy project development, and the Brazilian biofuel producer, Brasil Ecodiesel.<\/p>\n
In November 2010, TAM Airlines held a successful 45-minute test flight running on 50% bio-SPK produced from local jatropha. The CFM56 engined A320 took off from Gale\u00e3o Antonio Carlos Jobim International airport in Rio de Janeiro. The trial was held in conjunction with Airbus.<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2011.<\/p>\n
In October 2011, Thomson Airways flew passengers from Birmingham to Arrecife, on the Spanish Canary island of Lanzarote, using a combination of used cooking oil and regular jet fuel. The airline had originally hoped to start its biofuel flights the previous July, but experienced delays with testing and safety clearances. It claims that the use of biofuels could reduce the aviation industry\u2019s carbon dioxide emissions by up to 80 percent, and plans to use biofuels across its entire fleet within three years.<\/p>\n
Virgin
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2011.<\/p>\n
In December 2011, Virgin Australia signed an MoU to work with Licella on exploring the potential of the CAT-HTR technology to create an alternative, sustainable source of jet aviation fuel. Under the MoU, Virgin Australia and Licella said they would jointly explore the potential of CAT-HTR through further testing of the aviation fuel the technology produces, with the aim of supporting its certification and reaching a commercial off-take agreement.<\/p>\n
In October 2011, Virgin Atlantic teamed with LanzaTech to create renewable jet fuel that will power planes Shanghai and Delhi to Heathrow within two to three years. LanzaTech is working on producing its fuel in India and China, making those two destinations easy targets for implementation of the \u2018green fleet.\u2019<\/p>\n
Within two to three years Virgin Atlantic said at the time that it planned flights with the new fuel on its routes from Shanghai and Delhi to London Heathrow as LanzaTech and partners develop facilities in China and India. The technology is currently being piloted in New Zealand, a larger demonstration facility will be commissioned in Shanghai this year, and the first commercial operation will be in place in China by 2014. Following successful implementation, a wider roll-out could include operations in the UK and the rest of the world.<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In December 2014, Airbus signed an MOU with Emerging Fuels for US sustainable aviation fuels production. EFT has developed an Advanced Fixed Bed F-T reactor and catalyst system that can convert synthesis gas from, it claims, virtually any carbonaceous feedstock into transportation fuels such as renewable diesel and sustainable jet fuel. The company recently signed a cooperation agreement with global energy infrastructure engineering, procurement and construction company Black & Veatch (B&V) that grants B&V exclusivity in representing EFT technologies in select markets and applications.<\/p>\n
In January 2014,Airbus and key Malaysian partners have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to assess local solutions for sustainable bio-mass production in Malaysia. The aim is to determine the most suitable feedstocks to ensure that any future jet fuel production in the region is based only on sustainable solutions. The first assessment is expected to be completed by December 2014.<\/p>\n
In June 2013, Amyris and Total announced a successful demonstration flight at the Paris Air Show its renewable jet fuel made from Amyris Biofene and, ultimately, from plant sugars.<\/p>\n
The Airbus A321 aircraft powered by two Snecma CFM56 jet engines flew from Toulouse to Paris with a blend of renewable jet fuel produced by Amyris and Total. This demonstration flight was in support of the French Initiative for Future Aviation Fuels, which seeks to produce and commercialize alternative, renewable and sustainable aviation fuels in France in the coming years.<\/p>\n
Embraer<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In Brazil, Boeing and Embraer announced that they will open a joint research center to advance a sustainable aviation biofuel industry in Brazil.Under a memorandum of understanding, the two companies will perform joint biofuel research, as well as fund and coordinate research with Brazilian universities and other institutions. The research will focus on technologies that address gaps in a supply chain for sustainable aviation biofuel in Brazil, such as feedstock production and processing technologies. The companies\u2019 biofuel research center will be located in Sao Jose dos Campos Technology Park.<\/p>\n
In March 2012, Boeing, Airbus and Embraer signed a memorandum of understanding to work together on the development of drop-in, affordable aviation biofuels. The three leading airframe manufacturers agreed to seek collaborative opportunities to speak in unity to government, biofuel producers and other key stakeholders to support, promote and accelerate the availability of sustainable new jet fuel sources.<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2012.<\/p>\n
In April 2012, Porter Airlines successfully conducted the first biofuel-powered revenue flight in Canada. In the successful conclusion to a test program that was launched in 2010, the airline flew one of its Bombardier Q400 turboprops from its base at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport to Ottawa using a 50\/50 blend of biofuel and Jet A1 fuel in one of its engines.<\/p>\n
Stakeholders: Making expressions of interest<\/p>\n
Air Berlin
\nAireg member<\/p>\n
No reported development or testing activities to date.<\/p>\n
Alitalia<\/p>\n
In February 2012, Alitalia signed a deal with Solena\u2014who is currently developing a biojet project with British Airways\u2014to explore transforming MSW into biojet using the Fischer-Tropsch process. A location for the project has not yet been set.<\/p>\n
http:\/\/www.biofuelsdigest.com\/bdigest\/2011\/02\/08\/alitalia-signs-with-solena-for-msw-to-aviation-fuels-project\/<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2015.<\/p>\n
In July 2015, the Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels (INAF) \u2013 a consortium of 46 organizations including Boeing, ANA (All Nippon Airways), Japan Airlines, Nippon Cargo Airlines, Japan\u2019s government and the University of Tokyo \u2013 laid out a five-year \u201croadmap\u201d to develop biofuel by 2020 as a way to reduce aviation\u2019s environmental footprint. Using sustainably produced biofuel reduces lifecycle carbon dioxide emissions by 50 to 80 percent compared to conventional petroleum fuel, according to the U.S. Department of Energy.<\/p>\n
Cargolux
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Delta<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In June 2014, Delta Air Lines partnered with the Carbon War Room, a nonprofit organization founded by Sir Richard Branson, in an effort to accelerate low-carbon jet fuel production worldwide. This is part of the global carrier\u2019s commitment to environmental accountability, transparency and carbon emission reduction. The organizations, which have kept on low profile on the specifics of the partnership, agreed that \u201cthe development of a secure, sustainable, renewable fuels supply will strengthen the airline industry\u2019s access to high-quality jet fuel, reduce price volatility and the industry\u2019s overall carbon footprint and meet the needs of increasingly climate-conscious customers. Additionally, access to a competitively-priced renewable jet fuel will be advantageous in meeting future regulatory requirements to reduce emissions from the burning of petroleum-based jet fuel.\u201d<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2014.<\/p>\n
In August 2014, airline Garuda expects to be using an aviation biofuel blend by 2016 composed of biofuel and avtur (aviation turbine fuel). The aircraft are already equipped to use biofuel and the carrier aims to run a trial flight soon. However, the state-owned carrier\u2019s commitment to supporting the use of clean energy will be highly dependent on the availability of the crude palm oil (CPO)-based biofuel that is currently being tested at state-owned oil and gas company PT Pertamina\u2019s laboratory.<\/p>\n
In December last year, Transportation Minister EE Mangindaan signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Energy and Mineral Resources Minister Jero Wacik on renewable energy in the aviation sector. Under the MoU, the government targeted reducing the use of fossil fuel in the aviation sector by mixing avtur with 2 percent biofuel in 2016 and planned to increase the amount to 3 percent in 2020.<\/p>\n
JAL
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2015.<\/p>\n
In July 2015, the Initiatives for Next Generation Aviation Fuels (INAF) \u2013 a consortium of 46 organizations including Boeing, ANA (All Nippon Airways), Japan Airlines, Nippon Cargo Airlines, Japan\u2019s government and the University of Tokyo \u2013 laid out a five-year \u201croadmap\u201d to develop biofuel by 2020 as a way to reduce aviation\u2019s environmental footprint. Using sustainably produced biofuel reduces lifecycle carbon dioxide emissions by 50 to 80 percent compared to conventional petroleum fuel, according to the U.S. Department of Energy.<\/p>\n
JetBlue
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
JetBlue has partnered with Airbus, Honeywell Aerospace and International Aero Engines to pursue development of a sustainable biofuel for use in commercial aircraft. The goal of the partnership is to develop an alternative jet fuel derived from renewable biomass sources \u2013 known as second-generation biofuels \u2013 that do not compete with existing food production. Research and testing will focus on the conversion of biological materials into aviation fuel that performs identically to traditional fuels while meeting the stringent performance specifications for commercial aircraft flight.<\/p>\n
Singapore Airlines
\nSAFUG member<\/p>\n
Singapore Airlines looks to biofuels in 2012 as it became the latest airline at that time to join Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group<\/p>\n
Thai Airways<\/p>\n
Last publicly reported activity: 2012.<\/p>\n
In March 2012, Thai Airways International Public Company (THAI) launched a workshop jointly with the Ministry of Energy and PTT Public Company to focus on aviation biofuels, as a first step in the country\u2019s effort to develop this sector.<\/p>\n
Said Dr. Kurujit Nakornsap, Deputy Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Energy, \u201cWe aim to replace 44% of transport fuel in Thailand with biofuels from sugar derivatives and cassava.<\/p>\n
Presently, consumption of ethanol tops 1.2 million liters a day and we are pushing to increase its further use. Thailand \u2018s current biofuel champions are ethanol and biodiesel, which has been in use since 2005 and is made from palm oil.\u00a0\u00a0 With the Alternative Energy Development plan (AEDP), the goal has been established to increase alternative energy utilization to 25% of total energy consumption by 2021 while excluding NGV (natural gas for vehicles).\u201d<\/p>\n
Stakeholder<\/p>\n
In June 2013, Solena Fuels teamed with Turkish Airlines to explore the potential use of renewable jetfuel as the airline looks to reduce its carbon emissions. Turkish Airlines has expanded its network offering significantly throughout Europe in recent years and will have to comply with European legislation to reduce carbon emissions.<\/p>\n
http:\/\/www.biofuelsdigest.com\/bdigest\/2013\/06\/25\/turkish-airlines-teams-with-solena-fuels-on-bio-jetfuel\/<\/p>\n
Stakeholder<\/p>\n
WestJet is engaged with the Canadian federal government and industry stakeholders in advancing the development and production of biofuels for aviation in Canada. WestJet supports the development of sustainable aviation biofuels that have a minimal impact on the ecosystem, do not displace or compete with food crops and are economically viable.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
What are airlines and jet manufacturers doing to foster aviation biofuels? Quite a bit \u2014 in some cases,\u00a0 just about all they can given the rough shape of most airline balance sheets in recent years. The activity includes participation in a number of research consortia and industry goal-setting (such as IATA\u2019s 50% reduction in greenhouse 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