{"id":18110,"date":"2013-11-22T02:42:28","date_gmt":"2013-11-22T00:42:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biomassmagazine.com\/articles\/9708\/algae-tricked-into-staying-up-late-to-produce-biomaterials"},"modified":"2013-11-21T21:50:43","modified_gmt":"2013-11-21T19:50:43","slug":"tricking-algaes-biological-clock-boosts-production-drugs-biofuels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/tricking-algaes-biological-clock-boosts-production-drugs-biofuels\/","title":{"rendered":"Tricking algae\u2019s biological clock boosts production of drugs, biofuels"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Photomicrograph
Photomicrograph of cyanobacterial mat from a California salt marsh. (Wayne Lanier \/ UC Berkeley)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

That is the conclusion of a \u201cproof of concept\u201d experiment described in the Dec. 2 issue of the journal Current Biology<\/a>. The study found that when the biological clocks of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) were stopped in their daylight setting, the amount of several biomolecules that they were genetically altered to produce increased by as much as 700 percent when grown in constant light.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have shown that manipulating cyanobacteria\u2019s clock genes can increase its production of commercially valuable biomolecules,\u201d said Carl Johnson, Stevenson Professor of Biological Sciences at Vanderbilt University, who performed the study with collaborators at the J. Craig Venter Institute in Rockville, MD and Waseda University in Tokyo. \u201cIn the last 10 years, we have figured out how to stop the circadian clocks in most species of algae and in many higher plants as well, so the technique should have widespread applicability.\u201d<\/p>\n

If it lives up to its promise, bioclock stopping could have significant economic benefits: Microalgae are used for a wide variety of commercial applications ranging from anti-cancer drugs to cosmetics to bioplastics to biofuels to neutraceuticals. In addition, biotech companies are currently rushing to set up \u201cbiofactories\u201d that use microorganisms to create a wide variety of substances that are too difficult or expensive to synthesize using conventional chemical methods. Many of them are based on microorganisms that have biological clocks.<\/p>\n

In 2004, Johnson was a member of the team that determined the molecular structure of a circadian clock protein for the first time. Subsequent work mapped the entire clock mechanism in cyanobacteria, which is the simplest bioclock found in nature. The researchers discovered that the clock consisted of three proteins: KaiA, KaiB and KaiC. Detailed knowledge of the clock\u2019s structure allowed them to determine how to switch the clock on and off.<\/p>\n

\"Molecular
Molecular structure of the three proteins in cyanobacteria’s circadian clock. (Courtesy of the Johnson Lab \/ Vanderbilt)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In the current study, the researchers discovered that two components of the clock, KaiA and KaiC, act as switches that turn the cell\u2019s daytime and nighttime genes on and off. They have dubbed this \u201cyin-yang\u201d regulation. When KaiA is upregulated \u2013 produced in larger amounts \u2013 and KaiC is downregulated \u2013 produced in smaller amounts \u2013 then the 95 percent of cell\u2019s genes that are active during daylight are turned on, and the 5 percent of the cell\u2019s genes that operate during the night are turned off. However, when KaiC is upregulated and KaiA is downregulated then the day genes are turned off and the night genes are turned on.<\/p>\n

\u201cAs a result, all we have to do to lock the biological clock into its daylight configuration is to genetically upregulate the expression of KaiA, which is a simple manipulation in the genetically malleable cyanobacteria,\u201d Johnson said.<\/p>\n

To see what effects this capability has on the bacteria\u2019s ability to produce commercially important compounds, the researchers inserted a gene for human insulin in some of the cyanobacteria cells, a gene for a fluorescent protein (luciferase) in other cells and a gene for hydrogenase, an enzyme that produces hydrogen gas, in yet others. They found that the cells with the locked clocks produced 200 percent more hydrogenase, 500 percent more insulin and 700 percent more luciferase when grown in constant light than they did when the genes were inserted in cells with normally functioning clocks.<\/p>\n

Coauthors of the study include Research Associate Professor Yao Xu, Postdoctoral Fellow Ximing Qin and Graduate Student Jing Xiong from Vanderbilt; Assistant Professor Philip Weyman and Group Leader Qing Xu from the J. Craig Venter Institute in Rockville, Md., and Graduate Student Miki Umetani and Professor Hideo Iwasaki at Waseda University in Tokyo.<\/p>\n

The research was funded by National Institute of General Medical Sciences grants GM067152 and GM088595, Department of Energy grant DE-FG36-05GO15027, Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science grants 23657138 and 23687002, the Asahi Glass Foundation and the Yoshida Scholarship Foundation.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute in Rockville, Md. and Waseda University in Tokyo have m…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","nova_meta_subtitle":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5572],"tags":[],"supplier":[4242,6056,7804,6058,11236,6055,6057,6061],"class_list":["post-18110","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bio-based","supplier-asahi-glass-co","supplier-j-craig-venter-institute","supplier-jsps","supplier-national-institute-of-general-medical-sciences","supplier-u-s-department-of-energy","supplier-vanderbilt-university","supplier-waseda-university","supplier-yoshida-scholarship-foundation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18110","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18110"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18110\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18110"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18110"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18110"},{"taxonomy":"supplier","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/supplier?post=18110"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}