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<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nAs personal care product makers go green, surfactants are at the center of their efforts. Cleansers, lotions, and cosmetics all need surfactants to mix oils and water\u2014either to hold the formulations together or to provide dirt-and-grease-removing power. But many surfactants today are synthetic or semisynthetic. In response to a customer base that is increasingly concerned about sustainability, major brands are pledging to cut their carbon emissions and eliminate fossil-derived carbon in their products. Chemical firms are responding with biobased surfactants and ways to make existing products from biomass feedstocks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Those goals are also broader than just carbon dioxide emissions. When people buy personal care products, brand owners say, they are also looking for biodegradability, low environmental impact, and supply chains that are sustainable and ethical. Biobased is the keyword that consumers want to see on a product to know it meets those standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cWhat we are seeing, and have seen in the last few years, is that natural components are becoming a bigger driver of consumer behavior within the beauty and personal care category,\u201d says Andrew McDougall, director of beauty and personal care for the market research firm Mintel. He says 98% of UK consumers bought \u201cecofriendly\u201d beauty and personal care products in 2021, and natural ingredients are the top priority for 82% of Chinese beauty and personal care shoppers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Surfactants are a prime target ingredient for making products more natural. These molecules play a central role in all types of personal care products, providing the grime-and-grease-removing power of face and body washes and holding disparate chemical phases together in lotions and makeup. Many surfactants also help moisturize and smooth skin and hair.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cIt is a good time to be selling new ingredients,\u201d says Neil Burns, a surfactant consultant and CEO of the personal care ingredient maker P2 Science. Personal care brands are \u201cmore receptive than I\u2019ve seen them in a long time,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
That atmosphere comes largely from the 2030 greenhouse gas emission targets set by many major consumer product companies, Burns says. \u201cBig, big household names\u2014the Procter & Gambles, Unilevers, L\u2019Or\u00e9als\u2014it\u2019s all over their websites very publicly committing to some pretty ambitious goals regarding sustainability,\u201d he says. \u201cGiven the scale of the commitments and given today\u2019s slate of readily available raw materials and ingredients, they can\u2019t get there from here. They need new stuff.\u201d
A Sephora store display emphasizes natural and biobased content. The text is in French.
Credit: Craig Bettenhausen\/C&EN
Personal care brands are leaning heavily on natural and biobased claims, as seen in this display at a Sephora store in Paris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
But what are their options for that stuff, and which are the best for the planet? As they seek to replace synthetic surfactants with greener, low-carbon-footprint alternatives, consumer product makers have three main categories to choose from: microbial biosurfactants, inherently biobased surfactants, and biobased versions of conventional surfactants. The decisions they make will create winners and losers in the chemical industry and could have a lasting impact on our environment.
Microbial biosurfactants<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chemically speaking, surfactants are molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic sections. Soap, the old standby, has a carboxylic acid head attracted to water and a long hydrocarbon tail attracted to oil. Many other natural, synthetic, and semisynthetic molecules can do the same tricks with different combinations of polar and fatty molecular motifs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The term biosurfactant refers to glycolipids produced by certain microorganisms. The water-soluble head in a biosurfactant is a sugar group, and the oil-soluble tail is a long, mostly saturated hydrocarbon chain. In nature,microbes use glycolipids for quorum sensing, adhesion, lubrication, and competition with other microorganisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The two most commercially advanced biosurfactants are rhamnolipids and sophorolipids, which feature rhamnose and sophorose, respectively, in their sugar heads. Within each of those families, structural variations can alter the surfactant\u2019s properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The hydrocarbon tail of sophorolipids, for example, can either flop around loosely and terminate in a carboxylic acid or loop around and attach to the sugar head, creating a lactone ring. The lactone form is less foamy, explains Lawrence Clarke, a technical sales manager at Holiferm, a British glycolipid fermentation company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The strongest indicator of the interest in biosurfactants is the pace of dealmaking. A few days before In-cosmetics Global, a trade show for personal care ingredients held in Paris during the first week of April, Holiferm signed a deal in which the chemical company Sasol will buy most of the sophorolipids produced at a plant Holiferm plans to open in 2023 in the UK.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to Louis Snyders, Sasol\u2019s global director of fabric, home care, and institutional and industrial cleaning, the deal brings products that complement Sasol\u2019s existing portfolio of surfactants, and it is a step in transforming that portfolio from its petrochemical heritage to a sustainable future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Holiferm uses a strain of yeast, which it isolated from honey, that consumes sugar and sunflower oil to make the target surfactant. Clarke says the firm\u2019s semicontinuous process, which extracts sophorolipids throughout weeks-long fermentation runs, sets it apart from companies that use batch production methods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BASF, a Sasol competitor, also has a deal with Holiferm and a controlling interest in the Japanese sophorolipid maker Allied Carbon Solutions. Nader Mahmoud, vice president of North American personal care business management at BASF, says the firm \u201cintends to lead on biosurfactants.\u201d He says the Holiferm collaboration targets process development and manufacturing, with a focus on rhamnolipids and mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), an emerging category of glycolipid surfactants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Earlier this year, the surfactant fermentation specialist Locus Performance Ingredients signed a similar agreement to supply Dow with sophorolipids for the home and personal care markets. Isabel Almiro do Vale, Dow\u2019s global marketing and strategy director for personal care, says the scale-up and distribution incorporated into the deal will \u201cdemocratize access to sophorolipids.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
And in January, Evonik Industries announced plans to build a rhamnolipid plant in Slovakia at a \u201cthree-digit\u00ad-million-euro\u201d cost. Unilever is already on board as a customer, and Evonik representatives at In-cosmetics said buyers at the meeting were asking for the ingredient. Evonik had rhamnolipids on hand in a sample formulation of a facial cleanser cream.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The activity by chemical majors like Evonik and Dow has brought biosurfactants to the cusp of the personal care mainstream, according to Burns. \u201cThose companies have sort of lent the field a little bit of commercial credibility,\u201d he says, and they \u201cbring some scale that I think ultimately will help bring costs down.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Beyond being biobased, biosurfactants have a lower carbon footprint than conventional surfactants such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), a common ingredient in personal care products, according to Dan Derr, a bioprocessing expert who helped develop the rhamnolipid technology Stepan acquired in 2020. That CO2 advantage comes mostly from the mild conditions of fermentation, which is carried out at ambient temperature and pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SLES is usually made by reacting fatty alcohols derived from palm oil with ethylene oxide and sulfur trioxide. Those steps consume a lot of energy because they take place at elevated temperatures and pressures. And though the oil component is biobased, palm oil is fraught with sustainability concerns of its own, including the deforestation required to build palm farms and greenhouse gas emissions from the leftover woody plant matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to Clarke, a life-cycle analysis commissioned by Holiferm concluded that replacing 1 metric ton (t) of a typical ethoxylated surfactant with 1 t of sophorolipids would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 1.5 t of CO2. Biosurfactants are also more potent by some measures than SLES and most other options, making it possible to use less in a final formulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cFermentation becomes a really interesting process versus synthetic chemistry just because of the energy consumption,\u201d Almiro do Vale says. But because the feedstocks for biosurfactants today are sugars and oils, agricultural practices have a huge impact on sustainability. \u201cYou need to make sure that you\u2019re tracking really well your supply chain for the fermentation,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Biosurfactant fermentation expert Sophie Roelants takes that concern a step further. She says a cradle-to-grave environmental analysis reveals that this first generation of biosurfactants is only marginally better than other types of surfactants. \u201cThe main reason is that you are dependent on agriculture to produce your feedstocks, and agriculture is really bad for the environment.\u201d Her conclusion is different from Holiferm\u2019s, Roelants says, because of how far back in the production process she starts counting carbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Roelants estimates that 80% of the net carbon emissions from biosurfactants happen while growing the feedstock. Seeing an opportunity, she recently cofounded the company Amphi-Star to commercialize biosurfactants made from industrial and food waste. The firm, a spin-off from Ghent University and the nonprofit Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant, is looking for partners to help it scale up and improve process efficiency.
Inherently biobased<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Other biobased surfactants\u2014made by chemically modifying and combining molecules extracted from plants\u2014have been available for years but are now enjoying increased interest from personal care brands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The most popular class in this category is alkyl polyglucosides, or APGs. Chemically similar to microbial glycolipids, APGs are made by combining glucose or other sugars with fatty alcohols derived from plant oils. The reaction is driven by inorganic catalysts or enzymes. Like biosurfactants, APGs are milder and generally have a lower carbon footprint than conventional surfactants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
APGs are not a slam dunk for personal care products, however, because they cost more and aren\u2019t as foamy. According to sales representatives from Colonial Chemical who were at In-cosmetics, APGs cost two and a half to three times as much as SLES. Foaming doesn\u2019t actually improve personal care cleansers\u2019 effectiveness much, but people see bubbles as a sign of efficacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Though not as popular as SLES and related ethoxylated ingredients, APGs are already widespread in personal care. Marcelo Lu, BASF\u2019s senior vice president for care chemicals in North America, says BASF is working with some global brands on \u201cchassis change\u201d\u2014reformulating products around APGs and other inherently biobased surfactants. \u201cWe\u2019re talking about major volumes,\u201d he says.
We\u2019ve flipped quite a few formulations already. And I think we are in the beginning stage of this.
Marcelo Lu, senior vice president for care chemicals in North America, BASF<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cIn a way, we were a bit ahead of our time,\u201d Lu says, noting that BASF has produced APGs for decades. \u201cBut because of regulatory forces and also the focus on biobased content, you see a lot of brands now paying more attention.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cWe\u2019ve flipped quite a few formulations already. And I think we are in the beginning stage of this,\u201d Lu says. \u201cWe may get into a supply constraint if everybody starts switching.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BASF has APG plants in the US, Asia, and Europe and is looking to expand capacity, according to Lu. Other suppliers, such as Solvay, Dow, and Colonial, also offer APGs at commercial scale. For delivering low-CO2, biobased surfactants at the scale needed to support the green ambitions of global brands, \u201cAPGs are the closest,\u201d Lu says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Conventional, but biobased<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Even with help from suppliers, reformulation to accommodate new ingredients is not trivial; it\u2019s expensive and risky for a brand owner to change a product line that already works. Avoiding reformulation is the value proposition that some major chemical companies are bringing with biobased versions of conventional surfactants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Especially in personal care, many workhorse surfactants, such as SLES, are already partially biobased. Roughly half the carbons in an ethoxylated, vegetable oil\u2013based surfactant have biomass origins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Two chemical makers, Croda International and Clariant, have made a change allowing them to get to 100% biobased: they are deriving their ethylene oxide from plants instead of fossil resources. Croda launched its Eco range of surfactants in 2018, and Clariant\u2019s Vita-branded surfactants and polyethylene glycols came out in February of this year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The chemistry used by both was developed primarily by the New Jersey\u2013based engineering firm Scientific Design. The process starts by dehydrating plant-derived ethanol into ethylene. The subsequent steps of oxidizing ethylene to ethylene oxide and then creating ethoxylated surfactants are the same as in the synthetic route, though Scientific Design offers systems that integrate all three steps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Both Croda and Clariant say the production lines for their biobased ethoxylated surfactants are fully segregated from those of their conventional counterparts, and they offer customers carbon isotope data to prove that no petroleum carbon is mixed in. Fossil carbon doesn\u2019t contain the heavy carbon isotope 14C, whereas biobased carbon does, so the amount of 14C in a sample can indicate where its carbons came from.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although consumers value the labels that such biobased products permit, for environmental advocates, being plant derived is not as central a goal as it once was. A lot of the talk around sustainability in the chemical industry today is about carbon emissions, and the CO2 benefits of biobased ethylene oxide are not cut and dried.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to a life-cycle analysis published by Clariant, making a kilogram of ethylene oxide from fossil fuels emits the equivalent of 1.5 kg of CO2. Making that same kilogram from ethanol emits slightly less, 1.4 kg of CO2. But the biomass that\u2019s fermented into ethanol absorbs 2.0 kg of CO2 from the air as it grows, Clariant says. So from corn or sugarcane to ethylene oxide, the process is carbon negative to the tune of 0.6 kg of CO2 per kilogram of ethylene oxide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
But that number does not count the greenhouse gas emissions associated with growing the biomass. And in the case of corn and sugarcane, those emissions can be substantial. Debates on the environmental impact of producing ethanol from edible sugars have raged since Brazil began blending ethanol into gasoline in the 1970s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
David Schwalje, head of emerging market development for the fuel and chemical engineering firm Axens, says the provenance of the ethanol feedstock makes all the difference when it comes to measuring the carbon intensity of the resulting products. Ethylene oxide made from conventionally grown corn or sugarcane alcohol\u2014often called first-generation ethanol\u2014isn\u2019t reliably better from an emission standpoint than ethylene oxide made from petroleum, he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A look at some publicly available numbers shows how widely the carbon footprint can range for the compound. The carbon emissions of growing the corn needed to produce a kilogram of biobased ethylene oxide\u2014including from fertilizer production, truck and tractor fuel, and other emission sources\u2014were between 0.8 and 2.8 kg of CO2, according to C&EN calculations based on estimates from Argonne National Laboratory and the University of Minnesota (Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefin. 2021, DOI: 10.1002\/bbb.2225; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2017, DOI: 10.1073\/pnas.1703793114). Factor in Clariant\u2019s numbers on ethylene oxide production, and the biobased route offers anywhere from an 86% reduction to a 46% increase in CO2 emissions relative to the petrochemical route.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
However, Schwalje says, second\u00adgeneration ethanol made from waste or sustainably grown cellulose where the fermentation and distillation equipment uses carbon capture can be massively carbon negative and carry that CO2 advantage downstream to the products made from it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Both Croda and Clariant are using first-generation ethanol, for now at least. Croda makes its Eco products from corn-based ethanol at a $170 million, purpose-built plant in Delaware that has a capacity of roughly 30,000 t per year. The plant is powered by methane captured from a nearby landfill, reducing the carbon footprint of the ingredients produced there, the firm says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Clariant\u2019s sugarcane- and corn-based plant is in Uttarakhand, India, part of a joint venture with India Glycols. Fabio Caravieri, head of global marketing for Clariant\u2019s industrial and consumer specialties division, says the firm has \u201cdouble-digit kilotons\u201d of its Vita products available. \u201cIt\u2019s not something where we are doing an investment today that in 2 to 3 years will be available to the market. It\u2019s now,\u201d he says. It\u2019s not something where we are doing an investment today that in 2 to 3 years will be available to the market. It\u2019s now.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Just using biobased ethylene oxide is not going to make a shampoo or body wash carbon negative, Caravieri acknowledges, but it does offer an improvement. Clariant says that because of the specific feedstock and equipment at the plant in India, a consumer product maker can claim a carbon footprint reduction of up to 2 kg of CO2 for every 1 kg of surfactant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
And Clariant is in a position to do more. The firm operates one of the world\u2019s only second-generation ethanol plants, a 50,000-t-per-year facility in Romania that started making ethanol from straw in 2021. That cellulosic ethanol could become a feedstock for Vita products in the future, Caravieri says, if such a combination looks profitable once the firm has more experience with both products.
The mass-balance way<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Other major chemical firms active in surfactants are meeting the demand for renewable carbon content through an accounting approach known as mass balance. As with the ethanol-based ethoxylates, the surfactants made through this method are chemically identical to what is already on the market. But the mass-balance approach introduces the biomass further upstream. It is blended with fossil-carbon feedstocks like naphtha or natural gas as those substances are fed into the crackers that make ethylene and other building-block chemicals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mass-balance accounting methods vary, but the basic idea is that an operator gets credits for each biobased carbon atom fed into its cracker. It can assign those credits to a portion of the plant\u2019s output containing the same number of carbon atoms. Customers that want to buy from the biobased portion pay the market rate for the conventional chemical plus a supplement for the biomass, or renewable, carbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For example, if a company makes 100 kg of a surfactant using a raw material with 10% renewable content, it can claim that 10 kg of the surfactant is 100% renewable under the mass-balance concept, even though really all 100 kg have 10% renewable content.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As of January, Sasol is offering mass-balance surfactants and other chemicals to its customers in Europe by buying ethylene made with enough renewable carbon to meet its mass-balance orders from customers. Operating that way offers nimbleness and scalability that new ingredients and segregated facilities do not, Snyders says. Sasol makes a wide range of chemicals from the same handful of building blocks, so changing which products get credited with the renewable carbon is just a matter of bookkeeping.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sasol started with thousands of metric tons of mass-balance SLES and plans to quickly expand to tens of thousands, Snyders says, though Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine has slowed the timeline. He says mass-balance offerings are a first step and one Sasol can take now. Long term, he says, the hope is to create feedstock-\u00adsegregated offerings by converting entire units to recycled and biomass-carbon sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The biomass supply chain needs work before that\u2019s even feasible, however. For example, Sasol has capacity for around 400,000 t per year of ethylene oxide in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Snyders says it\u2019s impossible right now to supply a whole facility of that size with biomass feedstocks suitable for use in petrochemical equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sasol isn\u2019t the only fan of mass balance. At the end of March, BASF and the consumer product maker Henkel signed a deal in which 110,000 t per year of the ingredients BASF makes for Henkel in Europe will be manufactured with renewable feedstocks on a mass-balance basis. The firms say the move will lighten the carbon footprint of Henkel brands, including Persil, Pril, and Fa by 200,000 t per year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Despite the logistic advantages of mass balance, the approach doesn\u2019t convince all end users. Mass-balance certification abbreviations such as ISCC and REDcert\u00b2 don\u2019t mean much to the lay consumer. And even if the mass-balance bookkeeping is legitimate, the carbons in the final product are a mix of plant based and fossil sourced, and that\u2019s not what many shoppers want, Mintel\u2019s McDougall says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ivo Grgic, Henkel\u2019s global purchasing category manager for surfactants, acknowledges the concerns, but he says mass balance is the fastest next step the firm can take to make its products more sustainable. \u201cWe clearly decided we want to deliver a contribution today, now. That doesn\u2019t mean that we are going to close the door for these new technologies in the next years. Not at all. But we need to start.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Grgic says the 110,000 t from BASF is a big chunk of Henkel\u2019s overall annual ingredient volume for consumer brands in Europe, and surfactants are the biggest portion of the deal. Adding mass-balance purchases in other parts of the world will be next.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cWe are a company producing big, big, big volumes,\u201d Grgic says. \u201cFrom our point of view, we need to make an impact, and we decided that biomass balance is the approach where we can replace fossil carbon on a big scale in the fastest way. Other technologies, like CO2 capture and biosurfactants\u00ad\u2014they will follow in the next coming years.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Consumer product brands looking to go biobased have options: new ingredients like glycolipids, expanded use of specialty ingredients like APGs, and newly biobased versions of the ingredients they\u2019re used to. But the choices involve a complex balance of sustainability, efficacy, availability, and of course, cost. Caravieri says ecoconscious consumers are willing to tolerate a 25\u201340% price premium before they are turned off.
Advertisement<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The chemistry behind biobased surfactants has been known for years. The shift toward them is happening now, Roelants says, because consumers are more conscious of what they\u2019re using to clean their faces and shampoo their hair. In ever-increasing numbers, they want biobased, sustainable products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Buyers like Henkel are taking an all-of-the-above approach to meeting that demand, even as they look down the road for better approaches. \u201cFolks are looking for sustainability,\u201d Burns says, \u201cand want to try and access it from any and all areas they can.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Personal care is going green at a breakneck pace. While most industries, including the chemical industry, are targeting net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, the consumer product brands that make soap, shampoo, lotion, and cosmetics are setting their sustainability goals at 2030, just 8 years away.In brief As personal care product makers go green, surfactants […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":59,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","nova_meta_subtitle":"As the cosmetic and personal care industry races to drop petroleum-based ingredients, chemical companies are rolling out a dizzying array of biobased surfactants. Choosing from among them isn\u2019t easy","footnotes":""},"categories":[5572],"tags":[11270,5838,5842,12518,13064,12449],"supplier":[3007,2491,2908,1216,2104,2159,10192,95,18336,3532,14640,5149,600,5377,11748,455,2640],"class_list":["post-109103","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bio-based","tag-biodegradability","tag-bioeconomy","tag-biomass","tag-feedstocks","tag-personalcare","tag-surfactants","supplier-argonne-national-laboratory","supplier-axens-technologies-ifp","supplier-basf-corporation-us","supplier-bio-base-europe","supplier-clariant-international-ag","supplier-croda","supplier-ghent-university","supplier-henkel-kgaa","supplier-holiferm","supplier-international-sustainability-carbon-certification-iscc","supplier-loreal-new-zealand-group","supplier-p2-science","supplier-procter-gamble","supplier-sasol","supplier-solvay","supplier-unilever","supplier-university-of-minnesota"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109103","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/59"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109103"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109103\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109103"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=109103"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=109103"},{"taxonomy":"supplier","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/renewable-carbon.eu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/supplier?post=109103"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}